In 2024, Africa witnessed an unprecedented surge in internet shutdowns, with 21 incidents recorded across 15 countries—the highest annual total to date. This alarming trend underscores a growing propensity among governments and other actors to disrupt digital communications, often during periods of political tension, civil unrest, or conflict.
According to a report by Access Now and the #KeepItOn coalition, these shutdowns were primarily triggered by protests, political instability, and elections. Notably, Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, and Mauritius imposed internet shutdowns for the first time, marking a concerning expansion of this practice.
The economic fallout from these digital blackouts has been substantial. Sub-Saharan Africa alone incurred losses totaling approximately $1.56 billion due to government-induced internet shutdowns in 2024. Sudan bore the brunt, with an estimated loss of $1.12 billion, as internet services were disrupted for over 529 days amidst ongoing conflict. Kenya and Ethiopia also faced significant economic setbacks, losing $75 million and $211 million, respectively, due to shutdowns linked to protests and political unrest.
Beyond economic implications, these shutdowns have raised serious human rights concerns. The intentional disruption of internet access hampers freedom of expression, restricts access to information, and impedes the ability to organize and participate in peaceful assemblies. In Ethiopia, for instance, prolonged shutdowns in regions like Tigray and Amhara have not only isolated communities but also concealed human rights abuses, exacerbating existing crises.
The surge in Africa’s internet shutdowns mirrors a global uptick in such incidents. Globally, 2024 saw 296 shutdowns across 54 countries, marking a 35% increase compared to the previous high in 2022. This disturbing trend highlights the growing use of internet disruptions as tools for information control and suppression of dissent.
In response to this escalating issue, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights adopted a resolution in March 2024, urging member states to ensure open and secure internet access, particularly during elections, and to refrain from imposing shutdowns during democratic processes. While this resolution signifies progress, its practical impact remains uncertain, as several countries continue to employ internet shutdowns as a means of control.
Civil society organizations and digital rights advocates are intensifying efforts to hold governments and telecommunication companies accountable for these disruptions. They emphasize that internet shutdowns not only violate fundamental rights but also hinder economic development and exacerbate social inequalities.
The record number of internet shutdowns in Africa during 2024 highlights a troubling trend of digital repression. As internet access becomes increasingly weaponized, there is an urgent need for collective action to protect digital rights, ensure uninterrupted connectivity, and promote accountability among those who seek to silence dissent through digital means.
